Purpose:

An upper GI endoscopy (OGD) allows doctors to examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine. It helps diagnose conditions such as ulcers, inflammation, acid reflux, and other gastrointestinal issues.

Preparation:

• Oral Intake:
  • Up to 6 hours before: You may have small sips of water.
  • 2 hours before: No food or drink (Nil by Mouth – NBM).
• Medications:
  • Stop acid-suppressing medications (e.g., PPIs) two weeks before 
  • Blood thinners (anticoagulants/antiplatelets) may need to be stopped temporarily

During the Procedure:

• You will be taken to a room with the endoscopist (doctor/nurse specialist) and two nurses.
• You will lie on your left side on a couch. A plastic mouthguard is used to protect your teeth.
• A thin, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) is passed through your mouth into your stomach. You may be asked to swallow to help guide the tube down.
• You may receive either:
  • A throat spray (lidocaine) to numb your throat and reduce discomfort.
  • A sedative (midazolam) to help you relax (SE: may cause temporary memory loss)
    • Administered via a cannula in your arm.
• Air is introduced through the scope to expand the stomach for better visibility, which may cause a sensation of fullness or belching.
• Suction is used throughout to remove excess saliva and stomach fluids.
• The endoscopist may take pictures and biopsies (small tissue samples) for further testing—this is not painful.
• The procedure usually lasts 10-30 minutes.

After the Procedure:

• You will be monitored in a recovery area until you are ready to go home.

• If you had a throat spray: Avoid eating or drinking for 2 hours until the numbness wears off.
• If you had sedation:
  • No driving, alcohol, operating machinery, or signing legal documents for 24 hours.
  • Ensure someone stays with you for 24 hours for safety.
• Follow-up will be arranged to discuss results and next steps.

Risks:

While the procedure is generally safe, possible risks include:

• Perforation (tear in the digestive tract) – very rare (<0.1%).
• Bleeding – uncommon, but may occur if a biopsy or treatment is performed.
• Infection – aspiration pneumonia (very rare).
• Sore throat – common and usually resolves quickly.
• Dental damage – rare, but possible if teeth come into contact with the scope.
• Sedation side effects – drowsiness, nausea, or temporary memory loss.

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