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Facial Pain
Facial Pain
Facial pain is common, and it can be not easy to form a certain diagnosis. In this...
Groin Lumps
Groin Lumps
The groin, also known as the inguinal region, extends from the anterior superior...
Endocrinology
Thyroid Disease
As a junior, you will frequently see patients who potentially have thyroid dysfunction....
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
SVC syndrome is an oncological emergency. There is obstruction of the superior vena...
Epistaxis
Epistaxis
Epistaxis is a common presentation, especially amongst the young and elderly population....
Visual Loss
Sudden Visual Loss
Loss of vision can be a scary symptom for patients to experience, and a scary presentation...
Ophthalmology Applications
Ophthalmology Applications: How To Get Ahead While Still at Medical School
Ophthalmology is a hugely popular career. Having the skills and ability to improve...
Colorectal Cancer and Polyps
Colorectal Cancer and Polyps
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancer types seen in the western world....
Gynaecology Assessment & Common Disorders
Gynaecology Assessment & Common Disorders
As gynaecology issues uncommonly present on the ward, many doctors have difficulties...
Kidney Stone
Kidney Stones
Given how frequently patients present with renal colic, it is helpful for FY1s to...
Chronic Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis is characterised by repeated pancreatic inflammation. This leads...
Eye Drops
Overview of eye drops
Medicines reconciliation is the process of accurately listing a person’s medicines....
Foreign Body in Eye
Removal of foreign body from eye
Foreign body in eye is a very common presentation seen in the emergency department....
Keratitis
Keratitis
Introduction Keratitis is inflammation of the cornea. It may result from infective...
Benign Anorectal Pathology
Benign Anorectal Pathology
In this article, we cover common benign anorectal pathologies including haemorrhoids,...
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CT Abdomen & Pelvis Interpretation
In the webinar below, Dr Henry de Boer (radiology registrar) provides a structured...
Medical Education
How to set up a teaching programme
In this guide, we’ll walk you through how to set up local, regional and national...
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Papilloedema
Introduction Papilloedema is optic disc swelling which is specifically secondary...
Tinnitus
Tinnitus
Tinnitus is a common and debilitating medical symptom encountered in the field of...
Macular Degeneration
Dry and Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)
Introduction With an increase in the ageing population globally, we will be seeing...
Surgical Clerking
A Comprehensive Guide to Surgical Clerking
This guide is designed to help you identify the key areas you need to focus on when...
Visual field defects
Visual Field Defects: A Summary
The visual field is the entire area a patient can see with their eyes fixes and without...
Diplopia
Diplopia
Diplopia, also known as double vision, happens when there is a mismatch in images...
Orthopaedics
Open Fractures
Introduction Clinical Definition An open fracture is when the broken bone breaks...
Sore Throat
Foreign Bodies in the Ear, Nose and Throat
Introduction ENT Foreign bodies can be intimidating to the SHO tasked with first...
Rheumatology
Lower Limb X-Ray Interpretation
In the webinar below, Dr Joe Kang (radiology registrar) provides a structured approach...
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CT Head Interpretation
In the webinar below, Dr Sam Kular (interventional radiology fellow) provides a structured...
Glaucoma
Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
What is it? A sudden increase in intraocular pressure, which can present as an...
Postnatal
Postnatal Patients
The management and review of postnatal women are usually straightforward. There are...
Orbital Cellulitis
Periorbital and Orbital Cellulitis
Introduction The orbital septum is a fibrous connective tissue layer which divides...
Orbital Compartment Syndrome
Orbital Compartment Syndrome
No matter what time of the day it is, this is an ophthalmic emergency and requires...
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Upper Limb X-ray Interpretation
In the webinars below, Dr June Lau & Dr Henry de Boer (radiology registrars)...
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Basic Fracture Management
Whether you’re interested in orthopaedics or not, knowledge of basic fracture management...
Red Eye
Chemical Eye Injuries
What is it? Chemical injuries of the eye are ocular emergencies that necessitate...
Ophthalmology Selection
Updates to Ophthalmology National Selection 2024
The national selection process for ophthalmology is coordinated by NHS England (South...
Giant Cell Arteritis
Giant Cell Arteritis
What is it? GCA (Giant cell arteritis) or temporal arteritis is a well known Ophthalmology...
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Hand Infections
Hand infections are a common presentation, they can spread rapidly and cause damage...
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Pupil Disorders
Pupil size results from the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation...
Orbital Cellulitis
Peri-Orbital Cellulitis and Orbital Cellulitis: Diagnosis and Management
Introduction: This exploration of peri-orbital cellulitis and orbital cellulitis...
Ophthalmology referral
How to make a (good) referral to Ophthalmology – tips and tricks
Ophthalmology has long been the specialty with the most referrals and patient appointments...
Common Eye Trauma
Common Eye Trauma
This article is the second of two articles about traumatic eye injuries.  The...
Ophthalmology FY3
How to spend a Foundation Year 3 for an Ophthalmology application (and other things you can do in Foundation training)
Ophthalmology training is becoming increasingly competitive every year and is one...
Eye Trauma Basics
Basics of eye trauma with emergency pathologies
This article is the first of two articles about traumatic eye injuries. This article...
Maxillofacial Surgery
Orofacial Infections
Orofacial infections are a common A&E presentation and are often due to a dental...
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Animal Bites
Introduction Patients regularly present to the emergency department with animal...
Ophthalmology Applications
Eyelid Disease
Introduction and Anatomy The eyelid is important for ensuring physical protection...
Cataracts
Introduction to Cataracts
A cataract is “a clouding of the lens of the eye or of its surrounding transparent...
Nausea & Vomiting
Nausea & Vomiting
You will frequently get calls regarding nausea & vomiting: many patients present...
Salivary Gland
Salivary Gland Pathology
Problems with salivary glands are often seen at GPs and in emergency departments....
IV fluids
Prescribing IV Fluids
There are certain situations where you need to prescribe IV fluids which vary from...
Amblyopia
Amblyopia
Amblyopia is a childhood cause of visual impairment. It occurs due to abnormal visual...
Pupil abnormalities
Pupil abnormalities
Pupillary reflex pathway: Light reaches the retina, travels via ganglion cells...
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Poorly controlled hypertension results in target-organ damage. In the eye, it results...
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Basics of Slit Lamp Examination
Anatomy of a Slit Lamp Biomicroscope The slit lamp consists of: An illumination...
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Central retinal artery/vein occlusion
Definition Sudden onset painless loss of vision is usually due to vascular occlusion....
Scans
Requesting Scans
Requesting scans can be a scary daily occurrence for new doctors. It is one of few...
Glaucoma
Chronic open angle glaucoma
Glaucoma can be divided into open-angle or closed-angle glaucoma. Closed-angle glaucoma...
Retinal tears
An Introduction To Retinal Tears
Most common presenting symptoms: Flashing lights or new floaters Introduction A...
AXR
Abdominal X-rays
The advantages of AXRs are far less radiation to patients & that they’re...
Facial Trauma
Facial Trauma
Facial trauma commonly presents in Emergency Departments and primary care. More advanced...
Ophthalmoscope
How to use an Ophthalmoscope
Being able to use an ophthalmoscope confidently is very important to junior doctors,...
Core Surgical Training
Applying to Core Surgical Training (CST)
Surgical training has a variety of work to get involved in as well as having many...
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Ptosis
Introduction Ptosis is a condition characterized by the drooping of the upper...
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Dry Eye Disease
Introduction Dry eye disease, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a common...
Mouth Lesions
Lumps, Ulcers and Patches in the Mouth 
Patients often present to GP practices with oral lesions as they may struggle to...
Ophthalmology referral
Retinal Detachment
Basic anatomy In this article, we will be discussing retinal detachments and will...
Gynaecological Examination
Gynaecological Examination
If the thought of conducting an intimate examination or attempting to wield (without...
Constipation
Constipation
Constipation is one of the most common complaints in hospital, especially on the...
Prescribing analgesia
Prescribing analgesia
When assessing pain, ensure you begin by taking a history to characterise the pain...
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Applying to Obstetrics and Gynaecology
In this article, we discuss why you should apply to O&G training, how to build...
PR Bleeding
PR Bleeding
The first thing when called is to identify whether the bleeding is truly a lower...
Suturing
Suturing
Sutures are placed to aid with wound healing following a traumatic laceration or...
Ophthamology
Applying to Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology provides a great deal of variety by combining medicine, surgery &...
ENT
ENT Emergencies
In this article, we cover the main ENT situations you are likely to encounter either...
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy
Overview Diabetes mellitus can cause both macrovascular (e.g., myocardial infarction,...
Sore Throat
Sore Throat
One of the most common A&E presentations is a sore throat, and while sore throat...
Urinary Retention
Urinary Retention
Urinary retention can be acute or chronic. When acute it occurs within a number of...
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Anterior uveitis
Introduction – epidemiology and causes/risk factors: Uveitis is a condition that...
Pre & Post Operative Care
Pre & Post Operative Care
As a junior doctor, you will frequently look after patients prior to and after their...
Haematuria
Haematuria
You will regularly see patients with blood in their urine, most often picked up incidentally...
Urine Catheter
Urinary Catheterisation
In this article, we discuss when a catheter might be needed and top tips on male...
NG Tube
Nasogastric Tubes
NG tubes are passed from the nose to the stomach. Depending on the material, they...
Duke-Elder Exam
Understanding the MSRA
The Multiple Specialty Recruitment Assessment (MSRA) is a computer-based exam increasingly...
Orthogeriatrics
Orthogeriatrics
Fragility fractures in the elderly As a junior doctor on call, in geriatrics or...
TMJ
Temporomandibular Joint Pathology 
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the mandible to the skull. The image below...
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Applying to Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS)
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is a mouthful (no pun intended), but you may have...
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism
A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blocked blood vessel in your lungs, most often due...
Bowel Obstruction
Bowel Obstruction
Bowel obstruction is a common reason for admission or complication of patients under...
Stomas
Stomas
The word stoma comes from Greek to mean “an opening”. There are many...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcerations are a significant complication of diabetes...
Duke-Elder Exam
Study Tips for the Duke-Elder Undergraduate Prize Exam
The Duke-Elder Undergraduate Prize Exam is an optional competitive exam run by the...
Gallstone
Gallstone Disease
Patients regularly present under the acute take with gallstone disease. The aim of...
Ophthalmology Applications
Post Operative Cataract Complications
Cataract Surgery: A Brief Introduction Cataracts are the leading cause of reversible...
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Retinal Detachment
Retinal detachment is an ophthalmic condition in which the retina is detached from...
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Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea is a very common complaint and may be the reason for a patient’s admission,...
Plastic Surgery
A Career in Plastic Surgery
If you ask most people (medics included!) what they think of when you say plastic...
Abdominal Pain
Abdominal Pain
When you are on call, you will often get a bleep about a patient with abdominal pain....
Vaginal Bleeding
Vaginal Bleeding
One of the most common obstetric/gynaecological presentations in a hospital/GP setting...
Vertigo
Vertigo
Vertigo is described as an “abnormal sensation of motion. It can occur in the absence...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a relapsing and remitting inflammatory...
Compartment Syndrome
Compartment Syndrome
Acute Compartment Syndrome is one of the few orthopaedic emergencies. If missed,...
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is a condition characterised by the inflammation of the pancreas. These...
UTI
Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in adults are extremely common in both primary and...
Red Eye
Red Eye
Red eye is one of the most common eye presentations you will encounter. Whilst many...
Appendicitis
Appendicitis
Appendicitis is a one of the most common abdominal emergencies worldwide. Your aim...
Dental Traumatology
Introduction to Dental Traumatology for A&E
This article aims to give basic information on the assessment of dental trauma to...
Spinal Cord
Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression
Spinal cord compression occurs when there is compression of the spinal cord or cauda...
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Chemical Burns
Chemical burns are a unique subset of burns that require specialised management due...
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Infective Flexor Tensosynovitis (Flexor Sheath Infection)
Introduction Flexor sheath infection is an infection of the synovial sheath surrounding...
Common Dental Issues
Common Dental Issues
A very quick guide to common issues prompting referrals to maxillofacial surgery...
Eye History & Exam
Eye History & Exam
This is intended for junior doctors on the ward or in ED, covering how to approach...
Clot
Deep Vein Thrombosis
A deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition in which a blood clot (thrombosis) forms...
Diverticular Disease
Diverticular Disease
Diverticulae can occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract but are more common...

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