Category: UKMLA

Abnormal Involuntary Movements – History Guide

This is a UKMLA-centred history guide about abnormal involuntary movements. Introduction Abnormal involuntary movement disorders, also called ‘dyskinesias’, can be categorised as hyperkinetic or hypokinetic, although there is often an overlap. Parkinsonism is the main type of hypokinetic disorder, while hyperkinetic disorders include tremor, dystonia, chorea, tics and myoclonus. Causes of dyskinesia can be categorised into primary

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January 29, 2026 No Comments

Anosmia – History Guide

This is a UKMLA-centred history guide about anosmia. Introduction Anosmia is the inability to detect smell and often causes a change in taste perception, hence patients present with both. The olfactory nerve (CN1) supplies smell sensation, which enters the nasal canal through the cribriform plate (part of the ethmoid bone). The smell signals are processed

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January 29, 2026 No Comments

Peripheral Oedema and Ankle Swelling – History Guide

This is a UKMLA-centred history guide about peripheral oedema and ankle swelling. Introduction Swollen ankles are a common presenting complaint. They occur when excess fluid leaks from the intravascular space into surrounding tissues – the so-called third space – causing swelling in the extremities. This can be secondary to local or systemic disease. Unilateral ankle

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January 27, 2026 No Comments

Swallowing Problems – History Guide

This is a UKMLA-centred history guide about swallowing problems. Introduction Difficulty swallowing can be categorised into three subgroups as described by patients:  The definition of dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing. Dysphagia can be further broken down into difficulty swallowing solids, liquids, or both, and by the position where swallowing becomes difficult. Odynophagia is painful swallowing

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January 27, 2026 No Comments

Behaviour/Personality Change – History Guide

This is a UKMLA-centred history guide about behaviour/personality change. Introduction Change in a person’s behaviour or personality can be categorised as Organic (i.e. underlying biological disease) or Non-Organic, such as personality disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, stress, etc. Organic causes can be further divided into primary (e.g. neurological) or secondary (e.g. from medications). The affected individual may not be aware, therefore obtaining a collateral history

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January 24, 2026 No Comments

Facial Weakness – History Guide

This is a UKMLA-centred history guide on facial weakness. Introduction Facial paralysis is the total weakness of facial muscles due to dysfunction of the facial nerve (CNVII). The pattern of weakness depends on where the upper motor neuron (UMN) or lower motor neuron (LMN) of the facial nerve is affected. An UMN lesion spares the

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January 23, 2026 No Comments

Dizziness and Vertigo – History Guide

This is a UKMLA-centred history guide for dizziness and vertigo. Introduction Dizziness and vertigo are common presenting complaints in general practice and the emergency department. Dizziness is a term often used to describe a variety of symptoms including vertigo, pre-syncope, unsteadiness and light-headedness. Vertigo specifically refers to the false sensation of spinning or rotating of

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January 23, 2026 No Comments

Non-Blanching Rash in Children – History Guide

This is a UKMLA-centred history guide for non-blanching rash in children. Introduction Non-blanching rashes in children can be a cause of worry and panic! This is understandable, as this can be a sign of a serious underlying condition. It is often associated with meningococcal sepsis, however, there are other causes which are more common and

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January 22, 2026 No Comments

Newborn Examination Guide

This is a UKMLA-centred guide to the Newborn Examination. Introduction The Newborn and Infant Physical Examination (NIPE) is a screening examination that aims to identify congenital anomalies relating to the heart, hips, eyes and testes. It is part of the national screening programme that is conducted on all babies in the UK. It should be completed within 72 hours of

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January 22, 2026 No Comments

Polydipsia Station

This is a practice OSCE station for UKMLA content. How to use Candidate: Patient/Examiner: Candidate brief You are the FY1 on the Acute Medical Unit. A 28-year-old man presents with excessive thirst. Please take a history, perform an appropriate focused examination and answer the subsequent questions. Patient Name: Mr Adam Lewis D.O.B.: 14/07/1997 Location: Acute

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January 14, 2026 No Comments

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