Urinary incontinence is described as the involuntary leakage of urine. It can be dived into several main types depending on the cause. It is vital, to understand the normal control of urine in order to manage urinary incontinence appropriately. Micturition cycle Overview Micturition is the process of urine storage and voiding. Controlled via interactions between:1)
Bladder cancer is a common urological malignancy and a common cause of visible haemturia. This article outlines the basics required for a foundation doctor on urology placement Overview Layers of the bladder From inside to out: Tumour depth of invasion through these layers determines staging. [1] Image showing the histological layers of bladder wall. Image
As a foundation doctor, you’ll often be asked to ‘chase‘ a radiology report. You are not expected to write radiology reports, but you do need to know: Common Presentations Common Types of Scans Bladder scan (bedside) Used for assessing bladder volumes, post void residuals, acute urinary retention. [1] Bladder scanner. Image from https://www.medikal.net/lb/urology-Produiten/urologesch-Apparater/Blase-Scanner/ US KUB
As a foundation doctor, you’ll frequently be asked to review patients with urinary retention. This article offers a simple and structured approach to assessment and management of urinary retention, along with tips for difficult catheterisations. Key Definitions Volumes to keep in mind (rough guide) Image showing rough bladder volumes. Image from https://www.embracephysio.sg/normal-bladder-habit-curiosities-urine-the-right-place/ Bleep: Patient not
Andrological emergencies are often a poorly taught aspect of urology. This article outlines the key emergencies and provides a simple approach to their immediate management. Anatomy of the penis Overview The penis is both a reproductive and urinary organ, located anterior to the perineum, inferior to the pubic symphysis, and above the scrotum. Structural components
Haematuria is a common urological presentation with many possible causes. This article provides a systematic approach to managing visible haematuria in urology. You’re bleeped: A patient with haematuria Visible (macroscopic) haematuria. Image from google. Non-visible (microscopic) haematuria. Image from https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/298949/view/testing-for-blood-in-a-urine-sample First things first – Assess severity! Degrees of haemturia. Image from https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2023/march-2023/do-we-agree-on-hematuria-evaluating-the-drinks-rating-system Degrees of
This guide is designed to help you identify the key areas you need to focus on when clerking a surgical patient. There are several differences when compared to clerking a medical patient, namely getting a more extensive surgical past medical history, examination and assessing frailty. Your clerking needs to be succint, pertinent and clear. Presenting
Introduction The acute scrotum is a ‘constellation of new-onset pain, swelling and/or tenderness of intra-scrotal contents’ (1). In this article, we will review the limited number of differentials. Please note that a single clinical feature is not the confirmatory to a particular differential but the whole clinical picture will need to be considered when making
In the webinar below, Dr Henry de Boer (radiology registrar) provides a structured approach to CT abdomen & pelvis interpretation, with an overview of common cases & pitfalls.
The Multiple Specialty Recruitment Assessment (MSRA) is a computer-based exam increasingly being used by many different specialties as part of core training applications. For all specialties, the MSRA score will contribute to or be the sole consideration for shortlisting candidates for limited interview slots for each specialty. Subsequently, the MSRA score will also (often) contribute
