Introduction The acute scrotum is a ‘constellation of new-onset pain, swelling and/or tenderness of intra-scrotal contents’ (1). In this article, we will review the limited number of differentials. Please note that a single clinical feature is not the confirmatory to a particular differential but the whole clinical picture will need to be considered when making
Chemical burns are a unique subset of burns that require specialised management due to the nature of the substances involved. Proper initial management is critical to prevent further tissue damage and systemic complications. The majority of acid burns cause coagulative necrosis and cytotoxicity leading to skin and mucosal changes that limit deeper injury. Alkali burns
Introduction Patients regularly present to the emergency department with animal bites. This article aims to help guide you through managing these patients and what factors you might want to consider. Epidemiology The number of animal bites presented to A&E is largely underestimated, as many who are bit don’t present to receive medical care1 or won’t
Strabismus, commonly referred to as “crossed eyes” or “wandering eyes,” is a visual condition characterised by the misalignment of one or both eyes. This condition can have significant implications for visual acuity and quality of life. Below is a detailed discussion on strabismus, diagnosis, affected populations, treatments, and potential complications, intended to provide medical professionals
Introduction Patients regularly present to the emergency department with animal bites. This article aims to help guide you through managing these patients and what factors you might want to consider. Epidemiology The number of animal bites presented to A&E is largely underestimated, as many who are bit don’t present to receive medical care1 or won’t
Introduction Epidemiology Flexor sheath infections prevalence ranges from 2.5% to 9.4% of hand infections2. Pathophysiology Clinical Features Differential Diagnosis Infectious: felon, herpetic whitlow cellulitis, septic arthritis, collar button abscess, deep space infections5. Noninfectious: gout, autoimmune e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, overuse tenosynovitis5. Investigation Management Immediate management: Operative management: Non-operative management: Complications Complication rates can reach as high
Introduction Dry eye disease, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a common eye disorder characterised by insufficient lubrication and moisture on the surface of the eye. This results in uncomfortable symptoms such as gritty feeling, stinging, eye watering and eye fatigue. It can cause visual disturbances and in severe cases can potentially damage the ocular
Introduction Facial photo showing a patient with involutional ptosis of the right upper eyelid. Image from American Academy of Ophthalmology: https://www.aao.org/education/image/ptosis-5 Anatomy Sagittal section showing the superior tarsal muscle (Müller’s muscle) and levator palpebrae superioris muscle. They both elevate the eyelid by pulling on the tarsus plate. Image from: Cury, M.C., Sebastiá, R. (2021). Anatomy
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the mandible to the skull. The image below shows the anatomy. The joints are essential for jaw movements. TMJ Disorders TMJ disorders are common and cover musculoskeletal conditions impacting the muscles of mastication and the TMJ. Causes are multifactorial and related to anatomy, trauma, grinding or clenching of the teeth
Problems with salivary glands are often seen at GPs and in emergency departments. It is important to be able to differentiate between different causes of facial pain and swelling. Anatomy There are 6 main salivary glands (3 pairs); parotid, submandibular and sublingual. There are hundreds of other minor salivary glands throughout the mouth. The parotid
