When taking a history from a patient presenting with ophthalmic symptoms, it is important to ask about any vision loss. Vision loss can be either partial or complete. It can be caused by pathologies affecting the transit of light through the eye or the transmission and processing of neuronal signals along the visual pathway. This
Immobilisation of the lower limb is a key aspect of managing fractures, ligamentous injuries, and post-operative recovery in Trauma and Orthopaedics. Proper immobilisation supports healing, protects injured structures, reduces pain, and allows safe mobilisation during the early phases of recovery. This article provides an overview of the common lower limb immobilisation methods used in clinical
Immobilisation of the upper limb is a fundamental component of managing fractures, soft tissue injuries, and post-operative recovery in Trauma and Orthopaedics. This article provides an overview of the common methods used in clinical practice, outlining their indications, benefits, and key principles to support safe and effective patient care. Casts Backslab and Full Plaster of
Urinary incontinence is described as the involuntary leakage of urine. It can be dived into several main types depending on the cause. It is vital, to understand the normal control of urine in order to manage urinary incontinence appropriately. Micturition cycle Overview Micturition is the process of urine storage and voiding. Controlled via interactions between:1)
This is an article giving an overview of colorectal anatomy. General Structure Anatomy of the colon. Author: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/basic_info/what-is-colorectal-cancer.htm. CC BY-SA 4.0. Wikimedia Commons. Approximately 1.5m long, the colon, or the large bowel, is the distal end of the GI tract running from the ileo-caecal junction to the anal canal. The main function of the colon is to form stool
Introduction Ischaemic bowel disease can be divided into acute mesenteric ischaemia, chronic mesenteric ischaemia, and colonic ischaemia. This article will predominantly focus on acute mesenteric ischaemia. Acute mesenteric ischaemia is a surgical emergency. It is characterised by a sudden lack of blood supply or perfusion to the intestines, leading to acute ischaemia and subsequently necrosis, eventually resulting in perforation. There are several important causes,
Finger amputation refers to the loss of part or all of a finger, most often this is secondary to trauma. This is a surgical emergency that can lead to significant functional impairment and long-term disability. Finger replantation aims to restore form and function by reattaching the amputated portion to the hand. Time is a critical
Tuft fractures are not considered true open fractures, so they have not been discussed. An open fracture is a fracture in which there is a wound or break in the skin near the site of the broken bone – commonly caused by direct trauma or by the bone fragment breaking through the skin at the time
Bladder cancer is a common urological malignancy and a common cause of visible haemturia. This article outlines the basics required for a foundation doctor on urology placement Overview Layers of the bladder From inside to out: Tumour depth of invasion through these layers determines staging. [1] Image showing the histological layers of bladder wall. Image
As a foundation doctor, you’ll often be asked to ‘chase‘ a radiology report. You are not expected to write radiology reports, but you do need to know: Common Presentations Common Types of Scans Bladder scan (bedside) Used for assessing bladder volumes, post void residuals, acute urinary retention. [1] Bladder scanner. Image from https://www.medikal.net/lb/urology-Produiten/urologesch-Apparater/Blase-Scanner/ US KUB
