Hypophosphatemia is a serum phosphate concentration < 2.5 mg/dL (0.81 mmol/L). Mild hypophosphatemia is somewhat common and usually isn’t a cause for concern however severe hypophosphatemia can be life-threatening and requires medical treatment. The UK Medicines Information group have provided excellent guidance on how to replace phosphate. Clinical features Causes Investigations Treatment References & further reading By

Alongside strengthening bone, calcium is used in the clotting cascade, in muscle contraction, and in nerve-signalling. As such, low levels can lead to coagulopathy, smooth and skeletal muscle-spasms, heart problems, altered sensation and even seizures. Acute hypocalcaemia that is severe (<1.9 mmol/L) or symptomatic can be life-threatening and necessitates urgent treatment. It is often initially