Contrast agents are an essential part of modern medical imaging. This guide highlights essential principles any doctor should know about contrast – how it works, when to use it, and how to manage risks – so you can make safe clinical decisions and answer patients’ questions with confidence. What is contrast? Contrast refers to a
In the webinar below, Dr Henry de Boer (radiology registrar) provides a structured approach to CT abdomen & pelvis interpretation, with an overview of common cases & pitfalls.
In the webinars below, Dr June Lau & Dr Henry de Boer (radiology registrars) provides a structured approach to interpreting shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist & hand x-rays, with an overview of common cases & pitfalls.
In the webinar below, Dr Joe Kang (radiology registrar) provides a structured approach to interpreting knee, ankle & foot x-rays, with an overview of common cases & pitfalls. Key Points Knee X-Ray Views Fracture Examples in the Knee Ankle X-Ray Views AP and Lateral Views:Â Standard views for assessing ankle injuries. Complex Fractures in the Ankle
In the webinar below, Dr Dexter Valencia (interventional radiology registrar) provides a structured approach to CT chest/thorax interpretation, with an overview of common cases & pitfalls.
In the webinar below, Dr Sam Kular (interventional radiology fellow) provides a structured approach to CT head interpretation, with an overview of common cases & pitfalls.
Serum calcium concentration is tightly regulated between 2.1-2.6mmol/L. Severe hypercalcaemia is a life-threatening electrolyte emergency requiring prompt recognition and urgent treatment. Classification Mild (2.65 – 3.00 mmol/L): Patient is often asymptomatic Moderate (3.01-3.40 mmol/L): Can be asymptomatic or symptomatic Severe (>3.40 mmol/L): Risk of dysrhythmia and coma Serum calcium is found in 2 forms
The UK Medicines Information group have provided excellent guidance on how to replace magnesium.Useful advice on treatment: Clinical features Usually asymptomatic Irritability & lethargy Nausea/vomiting Psychiatric: confusion, depression, psychosis Neuromuscular: Tremors, cramps, tetany, weakness & seizures ECG: prolonged PR, ST depression, altered T waves, arrhythmias Causes Dietary such as refeeding syndrome GI losses (D&V, high stoma output)
You will regularly see patients with blood in their urine, most often picked up incidentally on a urine drip. Your initial assessment should aim to identify whether this is due to a UTI (or other transient cause) and whether it is urological or nephrological with the help of measuring the patient’s blood pressure, bloods (FBC,
A blood film looks at our three cell types (erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets) under a microscope to identify any abnormalities to give visual clues regarding the functional state of the bone marrow & any systemic diseases. You should treat this article as a reference for where you can read up on differentials based on the
