Correct blood bottle selection is an essential part of safe clinical practice. Using the wrong bottle, incorrect order of draw, or underfilling samples can lead to inaccurate results, delayed diagnoses, repeat blood tests, and unnecessary patient discomfort.
Although blood bottles are commonly referred to by colour, bottle systems and additives may vary slightly between trusts and laboratories. Local guidance should therefore always be checked where appropriate.
This article is the first in our series on phlebotomy and venepuncture. It provides a practical overview of the common blood bottles used in UK hospitals, including their additives, common investigations, and important practical considerations encountered during everyday venepuncture.


Contents
Why Blood Bottles Matter
Different blood tests require different additives inside the bottle. These additives help preserve the sample appropriately before laboratory analysis.
Depending on the investigation required, additives may:
- Prevent clotting
- Preserve blood cells
- Separate serum from blood cells
- Stabilise glucose
- Allow coagulation testing
Using the incorrect bottle may invalidate the sample completely and require repeat venepuncture.
Correct filling and mixing of bottles is also important. Underfilled bottles, clotting, haemolysis, and additive contamination are all common causes of rejected samples.
Understanding why bottles are used — rather than simply memorising colours — makes blood sampling safer and more reliable.
Order of Draw
When taking multiple blood samples, bottles should be filled in the correct order to minimise contamination of additives between bottles.
A commonly used order of draw is:
- Blood cultures
- Blue
- Gold
- Green
- Purple
- Grey
Bottle colours, additives, and laboratory requirements may vary slightly between trusts, therefore local guidance should always be followed.
Correct order of draw is particularly important when taking coagulation or haematology samples. Even small amounts of additive contamination may significantly affect results.
For example, EDTA contamination from a purple bottle may falsely alter calcium or potassium results.
Blood Culture Bottles
Blood culture bottles are used to detect bacteraemia and fungaemia. Two bottles are normally collected:
- Aerobic bottle
- Anaerobic bottle
These samples should be collected using aseptic non-touch technique to minimise contamination. Contaminated blood cultures may lead to unnecessary antibiotic treatment, additional investigations, and prolonged hospital admission.
Common Indications
Blood cultures may be indicated in patients with:
- Suspected sepsis
- Pyrexia of unknown origin
- Suspected infective endocarditis
- Febrile neutropenia
- Suspected line infections
Important Points
Blood cultures should ideally be taken before antibiotics are started where clinically possible.
Both the patient’s skin and the bottle tops should be cleaned thoroughly and allowed to dry before sampling. Poor aseptic technique is one of the commonest causes of contaminated cultures.
Aim for at least 10 ml of blood per bottle, as inadequate volume may reduce sensitivity.
When using a butterfly needle, the aerobic bottle is usually filled first due to air within the tubing.
It is good practice to document the site and time the cultures were collected.
Blue Bottle
The blue bottle contains sodium citrate and is primarily used for coagulation studies.
Sodium citrate works by binding calcium temporarily, preventing clot formation until laboratory analysis.
Common Tests – Coagulation screen, INR, APTT, D-dimer, Fibrinogen
The blue bottle must be filled correctly to maintain the appropriate blood-to-additive ratio. Underfilled coagulation bottles are commonly rejected by the laboratory.
This bottle is particularly sensitive to incorrect filling, therefore poor blood flow or partial filling may produce unreliable results.
Avoid contamination from EDTA bottles, as this may significantly affect coagulation results.
Gold Bottle
The gold bottle is commonly referred to as an SST (serum separator tube). It contains clot activator and gel separator.
Following clotting and centrifugation, the gel separates serum from blood cells, allowing laboratory analysis.
Common Tests – Urea and electrolytes, Liver function tests, Bone profile, CRP, Thyroid function tests, Lipid profile, Vitamin levels
The gold bottle is one of the most frequently used bottles in routine hospital practice.
The sample should be allowed to clot appropriately before laboratory processing.
Bottles should be inverted gently after collection according to manufacturer guidance to ensure adequate mixing of additives.
Although commonly used, haemolysis may still occur if blood is drawn too forcefully or bottles are shaken aggressively.
Green Bottle
The green bottle contains lithium heparin and is commonly used for plasma biochemistry investigations.
Heparin prevents clotting, allowing more rapid laboratory processing compared to serum samples.
Common Tests – troponin, some renal profiles, certain urgent biochemistry investigations
Green bottles are often used when quicker turnaround is required.
Adequate mixing following collection is important to prevent clot formation within the sample. Local laboratory preferences may vary regarding which investigations require green bottles.
Purple Bottle
The purple bottle contains EDTA and is primarily used in haematology.
EDTA preserves blood cell morphology, making it useful for analysing cellular components of blood.
Common Tests – Full blood count, HbA1c, ESR, Blood film
EDTA contamination can significantly affect other blood results, particularly calcium and potassium.
Purple bottles should therefore generally be filled after coagulation bottles where possible. Samples should be mixed gently after collection to prevent clot formation.
Clotted haematology samples are frequently rejected by laboratories and often require repeat venepuncture.
Grey Bottle
The grey bottle contains fluoride oxalate, which helps preserve glucose within the sample.
Fluoride inhibits glycolysis, helping prevent falsely low glucose measurements after collection.
Common Tests – Glucose, Glucose tolerance testing, Lactate (in some trusts)
Grey bottles are commonly used in diabetic investigations and glucose tolerance testing.
Local guidance should be checked regarding lactate sampling, as practices vary between trusts.
As with all bottles, correct filling and mixing remain important.
Pink Bottle
The pink bottle contains EDTA and is specifically designed for transfusion laboratory testing.
These samples are subject to particularly strict patient identification requirements due to transfusion safety.
Common Tests – Group and save, crossmatch
Patient identification must be meticulous.
Many trusts require bottles to be labelled immediately at the bedside using details directly from the patient wristband.
Incorrectly labelled transfusion samples are frequently rejected due to the serious risks associated with blood transfusion errors.
Never pre-label transfusion bottles before obtaining the sample.
Common Errors
Haemolysis
Haemolysis is one of the commonest reasons for rejected blood samples. It may occur due to:
- Difficult venepuncture
- Excessive suction
- Vigorous shaking of bottles
- Using very small needles
- Sampling from poorly functioning cannulas
Haemolysed samples may produce falsely elevated potassium and other unreliable results. Bottles should be inverted gently rather than shaken aggressively.
Underfilling Bottles
Underfilled bottles may:
- Clot
- Produce inaccurate results
- Be rejected by the laboratory
This is particularly important for coagulation samples, where the blood-to-additive ratio must remain accurate.
Poor blood flow is a common cause of underfilled bottles.
Incorrect Labelling
Samples should always be labelled at the bedside and checked carefully against the patient wristband.
Mislabelled samples can result in delayed treatment, repeat blood tests, and serious patient safety incidents.
Transfusion samples are especially strict regarding labelling requirements.
Practical Tips
Correct bottle selection becomes easier with experience and repetition. Helpful practical tips include:
- Ask patients where bloods are usually taken successfully if venous access is difficult
- Warm the limb if veins are difficult to palpate
- Allow alcohol wipes to dry fully before puncture
- Avoid excessive probing with the needle
- Anchor mobile veins firmly
- Consider prioritising urgent bottles if blood flow is poor
- Invert bottles gently after collection rather than shaking them
- Familiarise yourself with local trust bottle colours and laboratory requirements
- Preparing all bottles beforehand also helps reduce delays once venous access has been achieved.
- If blood flow is limited, consider which investigations are most clinically urgent before filling less important bottles.
Further Reading
- Local Trust Venepuncture Guidelines
- WHO guidelines on drawing blood: best practices in phlebotomy https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241599221
Written by Arun Nahar (Phlebotomist at UHCW)
Reviewed by Dr A Sidhu (CT2)
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