Abnormal Observations

Interpreting CSF Results
Interpreting CSF Results
Understanding how to do an LP and interpret the results is an essential skill for...
Refeeding Syndrome
Refeeding Syndrome
Defined as a collection of electrolyte abnormalities associated with a massive intracellular...
Hypomagnesaemia
Hypomagnesaemia
The UK Medicines Information group have provided excellent guidance on...
Hypocalcaemia
Hypocalcaemia
Alongside strengthening bone, calcium is used in the clotting cascade, in muscle...
Toxic-megacolon
CT Abdomen & Pelvis Interpretation
In the webinar below, Dr Henry de Boer (radiology registrar) provides a structured...
Rheumatology
Lower Limb X-Ray Interpretation
In the webinar below, Dr Joe Kang (radiology registrar) provides a structured approach...
Stock wound photo
Upper Limb X-ray Interpretation
In the webinars below, Dr June Lau & Dr Henry de Boer (radiology registrars)...
ring-enhancing-lesion-ct-brain
CT Head Interpretation
In the webinar below, Dr Sam Kular (interventional radiology fellow) provides a structured...
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CT Chest Interpretation
In the webinar below, Dr Dexter Valencia (interventional radiology registrar) provides...
Paracetamol Overdose
Paracetamol Overdose
Paracetamol overdose is a common presentation in A&E and so you may often find...
Interpreting Blood Films
Interpreting Blood Films
A blood film looks at our three cell types (erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets)...
Hyponatraemia
Hyponatraemia
Hyponatraemia (serum Sodium <135 mmol/L) is one of the most common electrolyte...
Blood Gas
ABG Interpretation
In this article, we will look at more practical aspects of how to read an ABG and...
Jaundice
Jaundice & Deranged LFTs
As the FY1, you will see patients with liver dysfunction either on the take or deranged...
Reviewing and Requesting Bloods
Reviewing and Requesting Bloods
Here we focus on blood tests requests for a variety of common scenarios you might...
Acute Kidney Injury
Acute Kidney Injury
AKI is very common affecting around 20% of inpatients & it is important to recognise...
Ascitic Tap and Drain
Ascitic Tap and Drain
Ascitic aspiration (tap) is routinely performed for every patient admitted with ascites...
Hypophosphataemia
Hypophosphataemia
Hypophosphatemia is a serum phosphate concentration < 2.5 mg/dL (0.81...
Hyperkalaemia
Hyperkalaemia
Hyperkalaemia can cause life-threatening emergencies particularly cardiac arrhythmias....
Haematuria
Haematuria
You will regularly see patients with blood in their urine, most often picked up incidentally...
Hypokalaemia
Hypokalaemia
As an FY1 you will frequently see hypokalaemia and most trusts have guidelines that...
Chest X-Rays
Chest X-Rays
In this article, we focus on the interpretation of a CXR. Have a low threshold to...
Hypernatraemia
Hypernatraemia
Hypernatraemia is defined as a sodium above 145 mmol/L with severe being more than...
Anaemia
Anaemia
Perhaps the most common blood test you will review daily will be the FBC (full blood...
Hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia
Serum calcium concentration is tightly regulated between 2.1-2.6mmol/L. Severe hypercalcaemia...

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